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Scientists rescued visual function in laboratory rats

An international team of scientists has rescued visual function
in laboratory rats with eye disease by using cells similar to stem
cells. The research shows the potential for stem cell-based
therapies to treat age-related macular degeneration in humans.
A team led by Dennis Clegg, of UC Santa Barbara, and Pete
Coffey, of University College London (UCL), published their work in
two papers, including one published the week of December 1 in the
journal PloS One. The first paper was published in
the October 27 issue of the journal Stem Cells.
The scientists worked with rats that have a mutation which
causes a defect in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and
leads to photoreceptor death and subsequent blindness. Human RPE
cells were derived from induced pluripotent stem cells -- embryonic
stem cell-like cells that can be made from virtually any cell in
the body, thus avoiding the controversy involved in using stem
cells derived from embryos. Pluripotent means that the cells can
become almost any cell in the body.
In experiments spearheaded by UCL's Amanda Carr, the team found
that by surgically inserting stem cell-derived RPE into the retinas
of the rats before photoreceptor degeneration, vision was retained.
They found that the rats receiving the transplant tracked their
visual focus in the direction of moving patterns more efficiently
than control groups that did not receive a transplant.
"Although much work remains to be done, we believe our results
underscore the potential for stem-cell based therapies in the
treatment of age-related macular degeneration," said Sherry Hikita,
an author on both papers and director of UCSB's Laboratory for Stem
Cell Biology.
Dave Buchholz, first author of the article in Stem Cells,
explained that by using induced stem cells that can be derived from
patients, the scientists avoid immune rejection that might occur
when using embryonic stem cells.
According to Buchholz, "RPE cells are essential for visual
function. Without RPE, the rod and cone photoreceptors die,
resulting in blindness. This is the basic progression in
age-related macular degeneration. The hope is that by transplanting
fresh RPE, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, the
photoreceptors will stay healthy, preventing vision loss."
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